Answer to Question 1
Vertical differentiation refers to the way in which an organization designs its hierarchy of authority and creates reporting relationships to link organizational roles and subunits. Vertical differentiation establishes the distribution of authority between levels to give the organization more control over its activities and increase its ability to create value.
Horizontal differentiation refers to the way in which an organization groups organizational task into roles and roles into subunits (functions and divisions). It establishes the division of labor that enables people in an organization to become more specialized and productive and increases its ability to create value.
Answer to Question 2
B
Vertical structuring of the oceans is associated with substantial variation in light and temperature
Where mangrove diversity is high, mangrove species show clear patterns of vertical zonation relative
Close-up of the underside of a gecko's foot as it walks on vertical glass
Vertical and Horizontal Changes in Pressure
Economic Differentiation in China
Stretching the shoulder muscles with arm in horizontal flexion.