Answer to Question 1
A database is self-describing in that it contains, within itself, a description of its contents. This is because it contains not only data, but also data about the data in the database. This data is known as metadata. It is the presence of metadata that makes databases much more useful than spreadsheets or data in other lists. Because of metadata, no one needs to guess, remember, or even record what is in a database. To find out what a database contains, we just look at the metadata inside the database.
Answer to Question 2
The five components of an information system are computer hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. For example, when one uses a computer to write a class report, he or she is using hardware (the computer, storage disk, keyboard, and monitor), software (Word, WordPerfect, or some other word-processing program), data (the words, sentences, and paragraphs in his or her report), procedures (the methods he or she uses to start the program, enter his or her report, print it, and save and back up his or her file), and people (an individual).
In 2013, Americans learned that the federal government massively surveys their phone calls and e-mai
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