Answer to Question 1
There are theoretically an infinite number of levels of processing (LOP) at which items can be encoded through elaborationor successively deeper understanding of material to be learned. There are no distinct boundaries between one level and the next. This model emphasizes processing as the key to storage. The level at which information is stored will depend, in large part, on how it is encoded. Moreover, the deeper the level of processing, the higher, in general, is the probability that an item may be remembered. Thus the best advice would be for students to process the information as deeply as possible. For example, rather than simply memorizing a list of terms and their definitions, process the definitions by restating them in your own words or my applying the constructs to real-life situations.
Answer to Question 2
Although the progression of Alzheimer's disease is irreversible, it can be slowed somewhat. The main drug currently being used for this purpose is donepezil (Aricept). Research evidence about it is mixed. It suggests that, at best, Aricept may slightly slow progression of the disease, but it cannot reverse it. A more recent drug, memantine (sold as Namenda or Ebixa), can supplement Aricept and slow progression of the disease some- what more. The two drugs have different mechanisms. Aricept slows destruction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Memantine inhibits a chemical that overexcites brain cells and leads to cell damage and death.
A genetic bottleneck reduces a population temporarily to very low levels, removing much of its genet
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Strand displacement model for mitochondrial DNA replication
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Levels of Structural Organization & Body Systems
Stages in memory processing.