Most of us have experienced the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in ...

[skymedlock]

Most of us have experienced the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, in which information seems to be stuck at the preconscious level. Describe this phenomenon.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

Question 2

Describe the process of automatization.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[parker125]

Answer to Question 1

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is apparently universal. It is seen in speakers of many different languages. Bilingual people experience more tip-of-the-tongues than monolingual speakers, which may be because bilinguals use either one of their languages less frequently than do monolinguals. It also is seen in people with limited or no ability to read. Older adults have more tip-of-the-tongue experiences compared with younger adults. The anterior cingulate-prefrontal cortices are involved when one is experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. This likely is due to high-level cognitive mechanisms being activated to resolve the retrieval failure.

Answer to Question 2

A widely accepted view has been that during the course of practice, implementation of the various steps becomes more efficient. A person gradually combines individual effortful steps into integrated components that are further integrated until the whole process is one single operation. This operation requires few or no cognitive resources, such as attention.

An alternative explanation, called instance theory, was proposed by Logan (1988). Logan suggested that automatization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli. The effects of practice on automatization show a negatively accelerated curve. In such a curve, early practice effects are great. Later practice effects make less and less difference in the degree of automatization.