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Long-term mental and physical effects from substance abuse include: paranoia, psychosis, immune deficiencies, and organ damage.
For about 100 years, scientists thought that peptic ulcers were caused by stress, spicy food, and alcohol. Later, researchers added stomach acid to the list of causes and began treating ulcers with antacids. Now it is known that peptic ulcers are predominantly caused by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that normally exist in the stomach.
About 3% of all pregnant women will give birth to twins, which is an increase in rate of nearly 60% since the early 1980s.
Women are two-thirds more likely than men to develop irritable bowel syndrome. This may be attributable to hormonal changes related to their menstrual cycles.
Looking at the sun may not only cause headache and distort your vision temporarily, but it can also cause permanent eye damage. Any exposure to sunlight adds to the cumulative effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on your eyes. UV exposure has been linked to eye disorders such as macular degeneration, solar retinitis, and corneal dystrophies.
![Examples of USP labels Source: Courtesy of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation and Mallinckrodt Pha](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_46687_08_12_14_4_52_49_19512932.jpeg)
![Intramuscular drug administration: (c) the needle is inserted at a 90° angle: Source: Pearson Educat](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_46687_08_12_14_5_05_08_195362384.jpeg)