Answer to Question 1
ANS: D
The storming phase helps group members move to a deeper level. In the storming phase, the gloves come off and communication can become controversial. The leader plays an important facilitative role in the storming phase by accepting differences in member perceptions as being normal and growth producing. By affirming genuine strengths in individual members, leaders model handling conflict with productive outcomes. Linking constructive themes while stating the nature of the disagreement is an effective modeling strategy. Once initial conflict is resolved in the storming phase, the group moves into the norming phase. Group-specific norms have developed from discussions in the previous phase. The leader encourages member contributions and emphasizes cooperation in recognizing each person's talents related to group goals. In the performing stage of group development, members focus on problem solving. Working together and participating in another person's personal growth allows members to experience one another's personal strengths and the collective caring of the group. The forming stage is an orientation phase. Communication is tentative and structured to allow members to learn about each other and develop trust. The leader takes an active role in helping group members feel accepted during the forming stage. Members are asked to introduce themselves and share a little of their background or their reason for coming to the group.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: D
Group norms refer to the unwritten behavioral rules of conduct expected of group members. Norms provide needed predictability for effective group functioning and make the group safe for its members. There are two types of group norms: (1) universal and (2) group specific. Universal norms are stated behavioral standards, which must be present in all groups for effective outcomes. Examples include confidentiality, regular attendance, and not socializing with members outside of the group. Unless group members can trust that personal information will not be shared outside the group setting (confidentiality), trust will not develop. Regular attendance at group meetings is critical to group stability and goal achievement. Personal relationships between group members outside of the group threaten the integrity of the group as the therapeutic arena for the group's work. Group-specific norms evolve from the group itself in the storming phase. They represent the shared beliefs, values, and unspoken operational rules governing group function. Examples include tolerance for latecomers, use of humor or confrontation, and talking directly to other group members rather than about them. Regulation, law, and role are not examples of behavioral standards set by the group.