Answer to Question 1
B
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There are four levels of measurement: (1) nominal measurementthe classification of attributes into mutually exclusive categories; (2) ordinal measurementthe ranking of people based on their relative standing on an attribute; (3) interval measurementindicati ng not only people's rank order but the distance between them; and (4) ratio measurementdistingu ished from interval measurement by having a rational zero point and thus providing information about the absolute magnitude of the attribute.
Answer to Question 2
D
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The obtained (or observed) score is the value obtained from measurement. The true score is the true value that would be obtained if it were possible to have an infallible measure. The true score is hypotheticalit cannot be known because measures are not infallible. The final term in the equation is the error of measurement, which is the difference between true and obtained scores. When the reliability assessment focuses on equivalence between observers or coders assigning scores, estimates of interrater (or interobserver) reliability are obtained. Internal consistency reliability, which refers to the extent to which the entire instrument's items are measuring the same attribute, is usually assessed with Cronbach's alpha.
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