Author Question: In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive ... (Read 45 times)

ashley · **on:** Jul 8, 2018

In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive content through:

A) The specification of the population to be studied
B) The operational definition of the research variables
C) The prediction of anticipated relationships among variables
D) The choice of verbs that suggest the state of knowledge on the topic or the approach to be used

Question 2

Which of the following are key criteria for making causal inferences about the relationship between two variables? Select all that apply.

A) Lack of temporal ambiguity about which variable occurred first
B) Statistical confirmation that a relationship between the two exists
C) The ability to randomly assign study participants to groups
D) The ability to rule out other factors as potential causes of the outcome

momtoalll · **Reply #1 on:** Jul 8, 2018

Answer to Question 1

D

Answer to Question 2

A, B, D
Feedback:
Key criteria for inferring causality include: (1) a cause (independent variable) must precede an effect (outcome); (2) there must be a detectable relationship between a cause and an effect; and (3) the relationship between the two does not reflect the influence of a third (confounding) variable. The ability to randomly assign study participants to groups is not a key criterion for causality but rather is a method of preventing systematic bias.