The researcher believes that adults can remember details about ...

[LaDunn]

The researcher believes that adults can remember details about the first time they were taken on a camping trip, as 7-year-olds, and that the experiences of a first camping trip are life-altering. What is a research term for these beliefs?
 
  a. Applications
  b. Assumptions
  c. Limitations
  d. Variables

Question 2

A researcher studies the effect of three one-hour counseling sessions on eliminating bullying behaviors in teenagers.
 
  For the dependent variable, the researcher selects the outcome of being reported to the principal's office in the two weeks following the sessions. The results of the research are dismissed by reviewers as meaningless, severely limiting generalization. What is the problem here?
  a. Theoretical limitations
  b. Not enough independent variables
  c. Methodological limitations
  d. Insufficient sample size

[Kedrick2014]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: B
Assumptions are statements that are taken for granted or are considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested. Assumptions are often embedded (unrecognized) in thinking and behavior, and uncovering them requires introspection. Sources of assumptions include universally accepted truths (e.g., all humans are rational beings), theories, previous research, and nursing practice. In studies, assumptions are embedded in the philosophical base of the framework, study design, and interpretation of findings. Theories and instruments are developed on the basis of assumptions that the researcher may or may not recognize. These assumptions influence the development and implementation of the research process. Since researchers' assumptions influence the logic of the study, their recognition leads to more rigorous study development.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A
Limitations are restrictions or problems in a study that may decrease the generalizability of the findings. Study limitations often include a combination of theoretical and methodological weaknesses. Theoretical weaknesses in a study might include poorly developed study framework and unclear conceptual definitions of variables. The limited conceptual definitions of the variables might decrease the operationalization or measurement of the study variables. This is the case here, since a two-week measuring period is sufficient only for purposes of suppressing a behavior, not changing it. Methodological limitations result from factors such as nonrepresentative samples, weak designs, single setting, limited control over treatment (intervention), instruments with limited reliability and validity, limited control over data collection, and improper use of statistical analyses. These study limitations can limit the credibility of the findings and conclusions and restrict the population to which the findings can be generalized.