Answer to Question 1
State of nature is a term coined by Thomas Hobbes to describe an imaginary time before human beings organized into governments or states for the collective good. Hobbes famously described life in the anarchic state of nature as solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. He assumed that individuals in the state of nature would be most interested in self-preservation, and he reasoned that those who were strong enough to assure self-preservation would then be interested in acquiring power over others. Given this, the weak would have an intense interest in protecting themselves from the strong.
A social contract is a theoretical political agreement in which everyone agrees to limit their ability to do as they please in order to achieve some collective benefit. Enforcing the social contract means consenting to an authority that will keep everyone in line: the Leviathan. For Hobbes the Leviathan should have freedom to use coercion, as long as it keeps the peace between people and recognizes everyone's right to self-preservation.
Answer to Question 2
A
The structural formulas show the state of ionization that would predominate at pH 7.0
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These monolithic figures from Easter Island suggest the contemplative nature of philosophy, which ca
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