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In most climates, 8 to 10 glasses of water per day is recommended for adults. The best indicator for adequate fluid intake is frequent, clear urination.
Before a vaccine is licensed in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews it for safety and effectiveness. The CDC then reviews all studies again, as well as the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Every lot of vaccine is tested before administration to the public, and the FDA regularly inspects vaccine manufacturers' facilities.
In 1844, Charles Goodyear obtained the first patent for a rubber condom.
In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
Increased intake of vitamin D has been shown to reduce fractures up to 25% in older people.