Answer to Question 1
minimal effect
Answer to Question 2
An ideal response will:
1, Discuss how the decision to vote is usually a product of a citizen's evaluation of the costs and benefits of voting.
2, Explain how, in the U.S., the costs of voting are higher due to legal barriers, information costs, time investments and the low probability of affecting the outcome of the election.
3, Discuss the benefits of voting including the satisfaction of fulfilling one's political duty and a belief that participation matters.