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In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
An identified risk factor for osteoporosis is the intake of excessive amounts of vitamin A. Dietary intake of approximately double the recommended daily amount of vitamin A, by women, has been shown to reduce bone mineral density and increase the chances for hip fractures compared with women who consumed the recommended daily amount (or less) of vitamin A.
In 1864, the first barbiturate (barbituric acid) was synthesized.
There are approximately 3 million unintended pregnancies in the United States each year.
In women, pharmacodynamic differences include increased sensitivity to (and increased effectiveness of) beta-blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics.