Answer to Question 1
(1) quest for mastery, (2) drive to work, and (3) competitiveness
They found that people oriented toward mastery and hard work typically achieve more than people not so oriented. However, those people who were the most competitive, and thereby showed a more extrinsic orientation, achieved less.
Answer to Question 2
One approach is to teach thinking via a stand-alone program. In such a program, thinking is taught as a separate unit or even a separate course. The more commonly used approach is infused instruction, whereby teaching how to think is an integral part of a curriculum. Thus the teacher teaches thinking in the course of teaching other subjects, such as history, mathematics, English literature, or science.
Old people
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Out of Many: A History of the American People
Government By the People, 2016 Presidential Election, 26th Edition