Answer to Question 1
The principle controls of temperature include latitude, altitude and elevation, cloud cover, and land-water heating differences. Since the subsolar point is always somewhere between the tropics, lower latitudes receive more direct, and therefore, intense, insolation than higher latitudes. Temperatures decrease with altitude in troposphere. The density of the atmosphere also decreases. As a result, areas at higher elevation (but at the same latitude) tend to be cooler than those closer to sea level. Cloud cover can also mitigate temperature, first by reflecting and absorbing insolation and. secondly, by absorbing longwave radiation from the Earth and re-radiating it towards the surface of the Earth. Lastly, there are several land/water differences that affect temperature, these include evaporation, mixing (movement), specific heat, and transparency.
Answer to Question 2
D
Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase in altitude.
The arrangement of water molecules in (a) solid ice, and (b) liquid water.
Water as a Polar Molecule
Water in Chemical Reactions
Plot of land (Part b)
Offset Method Plot of Land with Measurements