Answer to Question 1
Nonverbal communication can be defined as communication that does not use words. The goal of nonverbal communication should be to reinforce the meaning of your message. Random facial expressions and disconnected body language-arbitrary arm thrusts, for example-are at best distracting, and at worst clownish. But strong, deliberate nonverbal communication can dramatically magnify the impact of your messages. Here are a few observations (but keep in mind that these do not necessarily translate from culture to culture):
Eye Contact: Within American culture, sustained eye contact (different from a constant cold stare) indicates integrity, trust, and respectful attention, whether you're communicating with a subordinate, a superior, or a peer.
Tone of Voice: Variation is the key to effectiveness, since paying attention to a monotone takes more concentration than most people are willing to muster. Also, even when you're angry or frustrated, try to keep your voice in a lower pitch to encourage listeners to stay with your message.
Facial Expressions: People vary widely in terms of how much emotion they show on their faces, but virtually everyone communicates, whether or not they know it, through a wide range of expressions that include shy smiles, focused frowns, clenched jaws, squinted eyes, and furrowed brows.
Gestures and Posture: Leaning forward can indicate interest, shrugging can suggest a lack of authority, and fidgeting can imply either impatience or nervousness. To increase the power of your message, both your gestures and your posture should be confident, open, and coherent.
Answer to Question 2
A
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