Answer to Question 1
When people emigrate from less affluent countries (developing) to more affluent countries (developed) they adopt the lifestyle of their new home. This increases the environmental impact per person. Many people who immigrate to developed countries are the most educated individuals from the developing countries. This can be beneficial to the developed country but detrimental to the developing country.
Answer to Question 2
Every one of the primary and secondary air pollutants is a threat to human health, particularly the health of the respiratory system. Acute exposure to some pollutants can be life threatening, but many effects are chronic, acting over a period of years to cause a gradual deterioration of physiological functions. Moreover, some pollutants are carcinogenic, adding significantly to the risk of lung cancer as they are breathed into the lungs.
a) Chronic effects are effects that occur due to long-term exposure. Health impacts include bronchitis, fibrosis of the lung, reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen, impaired lung function, and an adversely impacted immune system.
b) Acute affects occur when exposed to high levels of pollutants over a short period of time. Health impacts include death and heart attacks.
c) Carcinogenic effects are typically a result of low-level exposure over a long period of time.
Ecological footprints of different countries.
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