Answer to Question 1
Conservation of natural biotas and ecosystems does notor at least should notimply no use by humans whatsoever, although this may sometimes be temporarily expedient in a management program to allow a certain species to recover its numbers. Rather, the aim of conservation is to manage or regulate use so that it does not exceed the capacity of the species or system to renew itself. The objective of preservation of species and ecosystems is to ensure their continuity, regardless of their potential utility. Thus, a second-growth forest can be conserved (trees can be cut, but at a rate that allows the forest to recover), but an old-growth forest must be preserved (it must not be cut down at all).
Answer to Question 2
The AMOC acts like a giant conveyor belt, moving water masses from the surface to deep oceans and back again. A key is the high-latitude North Atlantic, where salty water from the Gulf Stream moves northward on the surface and is cooled by Arctic air currents. The ENSO has led to powerful changes in weather patterns, causing large amounts of damage and death.
