Answer to Question 1
Answer: The Vulcanists opposed the Neptunists and described an inherently hot planet. On this hot Earth, rocks formed from the fusing of particles by heat, or from solidification of magma rising from a molten interior. It was quite clear to Vulcanists, however, that narrow veins of the Primitive Rock continued upward into the overlying Stratified Formations. The finger-like veins of the Primitive Rock suggested to Vulcanists the injection of a liquid along cracks in the Stratified Formations. This implied that the Primitive Rock could not always be the older of the two, because the Stratified Formations had to be present before the Primitive Rock could be injected into them. Furthermore, at the boundary of the two rock types, the layered formations were different in hardness and color, as if baked at high temperature.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: When metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous rocks break down through weathering and erosion, they become either dissolved elements or fragments. The fragments are transported and deposited in sediment banks, which undergo lithification and become sedimentary rock again. The dissolved elements undergo precipitation, and are either deposited followed by lithification, or directly undergo lithification, again becoming sedimentary rock. Once sedimentary rock, it can be exposed to heat and pressure to become a metamorphic rock, only to start the cycle again.
Thrombus formation in an atherosclerotic vessel
Earth as viewed from Lunar orbit during the Apollo 8 mission, Christmas Eve, 1968. Africa is at the
History of Quasar Formation
Formation of Acid Rain
Earth’s Oldest Preserved Rocks – 3.8 Billion Years Old, Greenland
Formation of Continental Crust