How can the transpulmonary pressure gradient be increased? 1. ...

[Garrulous]

How can the transpulmonary pressure gradient be increased? 1. Increasing alveolar pressure 2. Decreasing pleural pressure 3. Decreasing transthoracic pressure
 
  a. 1 and 2 only
  b. 2 and 3 only
  c. 1 and 3 only
  d. 3 only

Question 2

Lung expansion methods that increase the transpulmonary pressure gradients by increasing alve-olar pressure include which of the following?
 
  1. Incentive spirometry (IS)
  2. Positive end-expiration pressure therapy
  3. Intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB)
  4. Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP)
  a. 1 and 2 only
  b. 2, 3, and 4 only
  c. 1 and 3 only
  d. 1, 2, 3, and 4

[Bsand8]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: A
PL gradient can be increased by either decreasing the surrounding Ppl (Figure 42-1, A) or increas-ing the Palv.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: B
Positive-pressure lung expansion therapies may apply pressure during inspiration only (as in IPPB), during expiration only (as in positive expiratory pressure PEP and EPAP), or during both inspiration and expiration (CPAP).