Answer to Question 1D
The therapeutic intervention to address the patient's circulatory systems has the following three main goals: (1) reduction of pulmonary venous return (preload reduction); (2) reduction of systemic vascular resistance (afterload reduction); and (3) inotropic support. A positive chronotropic medication would increase heart rate. This is not indicated in the treatment of cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Answer to Question 2C
Precipitating factors for retained secretions include (1) decreased mucociliary transport, (2) excessive secretions, (3) inadequate hydration, (4) weak or absent cough, (5) general anesthesia, (6) smoking history, (7) gastric aspiration, and (
certain preexisting conditions.
Answer to Question 3D
Because of the difficulty of obtaining arterial blood gas (ABG) samples from newborn and pediatric patients, capillary blood gas (CBG) samples are usually used to determine the pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 (i.e., the acid-base and ventilation status only). Capillary PO2 values are unreliable and should not be used for clinical analysis. The standard practice of care to evaluate the oxygenation status in these young patients is pulse oximetry (SpO2).
Sublingual medication administration. Photograph of a male patient placing a nitroglycerine tablet u
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Pulmonary Congestion, which May Result from Congestive Heart Failure