Answer to Question 1
B
Race designations seem to be based on sociopolitical constructs rather than on science, and definitions of races vary by culture. Definitions seem to have been arbitrarily determined and based mainly on physical characteristics.
It may be true that not everyone self-identifies as a member of a certain race; however, this is not the best answer because it may not affect a large number of people.
Some people do self-identify as biracial or multiracial, but this affects a minority of people in different races.
The government has determined that for federal purposes, there are five races and two ethnicities.
Answer to Question 2
D
This patient is confused and combative after sustaining a head injury. It is reasonable to think the patient does not understand the implications of his or her actions and thus is incapable of making informed decisions. Thus, the nurse needs to use professional judgment and provide care that meets the patient's needs. Overriding a patient's choice for his or her good is called paternalism and can be justified in specific situations.
Beneficence is doing good, but it must take into consideration the patient's needs and wishes in order to provide good. However, this patient is confused and combative and unable to articulate wishes in a way that the nurse can use them when providing good. This is not the best answer to this question because it does not take into account the patient's diminished cognitive abilities.
Justice means using health care resources equally and is not applicable to this situation.
Nonmaleficence means doing no harm, which is not the best answer in this case.
