Primary reinforcers are stimuli or events that:
a. Satisfy biologically built-in needs
b. Become especially effective after puberty
c. Work only with students in the lower elementary grades
d. Are effective only when presented before the desired response
Question 2
Bill's behaviors in Ms. Kennedy's class are really distracting to other students. For example, he whispers to the boy beside him when Ms. Kennedy is giving directions on how to do an assignment. He flings paper clips at a girl across the room. He makes strange grunting noises that a few classmates find amusing. Ms. Kennedy glares at him or admonishes him whenever he behaves in a distracting way, yet his inappropriate behaviors are increasing rather than decreasing. Which one of the following interpretations best explains why Bill's behaviors are increasing?
a. Ms. Kennedy is reinforcing him for the distracting behaviors.
b. Ms. Kennedy is punishing him for the distracting behaviors.
c. Bill is gaining vicarious reinforcement from the other students.
d. Bill is incapable of delaying gratification.
The events of gastrulation in amphibians.
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