Answer to Question 1
Young infants are apt to be in the trust versus mistrust stage. At ages 1 and 2, toddlers are apt to be in autonomy versus shame and doubt. Preschool students will probably be in the initiative versus guilt stage. Elementary school students will be in industry versus inferiority. Secondary school students will be in identity versus role confusion. Examples of implications for working with youngsters in the various stages are the following:
Trust versus mistrust
- Provide consistent and dependable care.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
- Teach and encourage basic self-care skills (e.g., dressing oneself, using a toilet).
Initiative versus guilt
- Support youngsters in their efforts to make decisions about, plan, and carry out activities.
Industry versus inferiority
- Encourage youngsters to make and do things.
- Praise youngsters for their accomplishments.
Identity versus role confusion
- Provide opportunities to explore various career options.
- Provide opportunities to explore a variety of social and/or political belief systems.
The response should include a concrete strategy that reflects a recommendation for the appropriate age level, or something equally justifiable from the standpoint of Erikson's description of the relevant stage.
Answer to Question 2
A
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