Answer to Question 1
C
The goals of the Society of Superintendents were to promote fellowship of members, to establish and maintain a universal standard of training, and to further the best interests of the nursing profession. Students were expected to work in apprenticeships during their education in the hospital-based programs in existence at the time.
Obtaining legal recognition for nurses was the goal of the Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, later renamed the American Nurses Association.
Discrimination in nursing existed well into the civil rights era and beyond, with men and women of color routinely being banned from admission and employment.
Answer to Question 2
A
Nightingale's experiences in wartime demonstrated to her that trained nurses were valuable in decreasing morbidity and mortality among soldiers. Nightingale had revolutionary ideas about hospital sanitation, but these are not credited with her advocacy of using trained nurses.
Early trained nurses were taught to follow the directions of the physician; collegial relationships were not a part of health care practice in Nightingale's day.
Nightingale's views of education were influenced by her opinion on the value of trained nurses, not the other way around.
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