Answer to Question 1
A, B, C
The federal government, the biggest consumer of health care, which pays for Medicare and Medicaid, has created professional standards review organizations (PSROs) to review the quality, quantity, and costs of hospital care. One of the most significant factors that influenced payment for health care was the prospective payment system (PPS). Established by Congress in 1983, the PPS eliminated cost-based reimbursement. Hospitals serving patients who received Medicare benefits were no longer able to charge whatever a patient's care cost. Instead, the PPS grouped inpatient hospital services for Medicare patients into diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). In 2006, the National Quality Forum (not a government agency) defined a list of 28 never events that are devastating and preventable. Through most of the twentieth century, few incentives existed for controlling health care costs. Insurers or third-party payers paid for whatever health care providers ordered for a patient's care and treatment.
Answer to Question 2
D
Components of a nursing health history include physical examination findings, patient expectations, environmental history, and diagnostic data. Current treatment orders are located under the Orders section in the patient's chart and are not a part of the nursing health history. Patient concerns, not nurse's concerns, are included in the database. Goals that are mutually established, not nurse's goals, are part of the nursing care plan.
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