Answer to Question 1
ANS: C
Children should be allowed to play with any equipment that is safe, like a blood pressure cuff. A 4-year-old child would be in the preoperational period of cognitive development. Children at this stage are still egocentric. Play is very important to foster cognitive development. The IV pump and bat are not safe pieces of equipment for a 4-year-old child to play with. A 4-year-old child is of preschool age and more than likely is not able to read yet. Also, the book does not allow for any human interaction and communication if he or she reads alone.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: D
The patient is in conventional reasoning, specifically stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation. The patient wants to win approval from the nurse by being good. Developmentalists proposed a fifth stage of cognitive (not moral) development termed postformal thought. Within this stage, adults demonstrate the ability to recognize that answers vary from situation to situation and that solutions need to be sensible. The person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations in the level of postconventional reasoning. Individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles. Preconventional reasoning is the premoral level, in which there is limited cognitive thinking and the individual's thinking is primarily egocentric. At this stage, thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures.
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