A mother brings her toddler, age 20 months, to the clinic today ...

[Coya19@aol.com]

A mother brings her toddler, age 20 months, to the clinic today for immunizations. She talks about trying to initiate toilet training a few weeks ago, but her son wasn't interested. She decided to put it off for awhile.
 
  She told her son he was a good boy and they would try again another time. According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the likely outcome for Matt's developmental stage?
 
  A) Autonomy
  B) Identity
  C) Intimacy
  D) Initiative

Question 2

The nurse is caring for a woman 55 years of age who has been admitted for a hernia repair. The nurse is doing an initial nursing assessment and considers developmental theories.
 
  Where would the nurse place the client according to the theory of Daniel Levinson and associates?
 
  A) The pay-off years
  B) Later maturity
  C) Generativity versus stagnation
  D) Postconventional level

[shailee]

Answer to Question 1

Ans: A

Autonomy versus shame and doubt implies that if the caregivers are overprotective or have expectations that are too high, shame and doubt, as well as feelings of inadequacy, might develop in the child. The mother has a good attitude towards toilet training and from that, her son will develop his autonomy. Initiative has to do with Erikson's theory about preschool-aged children. Identify is related to adolescence, and intimacy is about young adulthood.

Answer to Question 2

Ans: A

Levinson and associates describe the pay-off years as the years from 45 to 65. They are a time of maximum self-direction and self-approval. Physical and mental changes increase an awareness of one's aging and mortality. The postconventional level is a stage described by Lawrence Kohlberg. Later maturity is a stage described by Robert Havighurst. Generativity versus stagnation is appropriate for this client's age, but is a theory stage of Erik Erikson.