Answer to Question 1
ANS: 4
In the early twentieth century a movement toward a scientific, research-based defined body of nursing knowledge and practice was evolving. Nurses began to assume expanded and advanced practice roles. Mary Adelaide Nutting was instrumental in the affiliation of nursing education with universities.
In 1990 the American Nurses Association established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights.
Nursing in hospitals expanded in the late nineteenth century.
Isabel Hampton Robb helped found the Nurses' Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada in 1896. This organization became the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1911. She authored many nursing textbooks, including Nursing: Its Principles and Practice for Hospital and Private Use (1894), Nursing Ethics (1900), and Educational Standards for Nurses (1907), and was one of the original founders of the American Journal of Nursing (AJN).
Answer to Question 2
ANS: 1
The Civil War stimulated the growth of nursing in the United States. Nurses were in demand to tend to the soldiers of the battlefield.
Throughout history, nurses and their professional organizations have lobbied for health care leg-islation to meet the needs of clients. However, legislation was not responsible for the growth of nursing in the nineteenth century.
Although Florence Nightingale had great impact on the practice of nursing, she was not the cause for the growth of nursing in the United States during the nineteenth century.
The women's movement has encouraged nurses to seek greater autonomy and responsibility in providing care, and has caused female clients to seek more control of their health and lives. The women's movement was not responsible for the growth of nursing in the nineteenth century.