Answer to Question 1
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Vygotsky explored the concept of cognitive development within a social, historical, and cultural context, arguing that adults guide children to learn and that development depends on the use of language, play, and extensive social interaction.
Rationale 2: Skinner's research led to the term operant conditioning, and most of his work was with laboratory animals.
Rationale 3: Lawrence Kohlberg's theory specifically addresses the moral development of children and adults.
Rationale 4: Piaget developed the cognitive theory of development.
Answer to Question 2
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Ritual is important for the child of the tertiary circular reaction stage, age 12 to 18 months.
Rationale 2: In this stage of development, inventions of new means, children interpret the environment by mental images. They use make-believe and pretend-play. A child who is unable to do this would not be demonstrating the behavior that is significant at this stage.
Rationale 3: Crying when parents leave the unit and not cooperating with certain medical treatments is normal behavior for children of various ages, especially when hospitalized, and would not indicate lags in development.
Rationale 4: Not cooperating with certain medical treatments is normal behavior for children of various ages, especially when hospitalized, and would not indicate lags in development.
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