A client presents to the emergency department with severe flank pain and foul-smelling urine. The urine culture is positive. Because of the symptoms, the nurse anticipates that the client has:
a. acute renal failure.
b. a lower urinary tract infection.
c. pyelonephritis.
d. acute cystitis.
Question 2
A client has a urinary tract infection that is treated with an antibiotic. The medication has a tendency to cause crystalluria. Which nursing intervention may prevent this side effect?
a. Treating with urinary antispasmodics
b. Increasing oral fluid intake
c. Increasing intake of acid-ash fluids/foods
d. Maintaining urine specific gravity above 1.025
Client on IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
Establishing a caring and trusting relationship helps the client come to terms with a terminal illne
The nurse applies a pulse oximeter sensor on the client’s finger.
Physiology of pain perception
Plasma, Filtrate and Urine Compositions
(left) Urine sample from an unaffected person does not change color upon exposure to air. (right) Ur