Suppose you have observed a sample mean and you want to know how likely it is that you would observe these results by chance given nothing interesting was going on in the population regarding its mean. Which of the following would help you determine that?
a. Find the standard score corresponding to your sample mean and interpret it.
b. Find the percentage of time you would expect to see results at least this large, in the case where there is nothing interesting happening in the population.
c. Find the range of reasonable values for sample means of this size, given nothing interesting is going on in the population, and see if your sample mean is in that range or not.
d. All of the above.
Question 2
When a relationship or value from a sample is so strong that we decide to rule out chance as an explanation for its magnitude, what does this mean?
a. The observed result is statistically significant.
b. We conclude that the observed result carries over to the population, and cannot be explained away by chance.
c. We could have been unlucky with our sample, and come to the wrong conclusion, but that chance is small.
d. All of the above.
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