Answer to Question 1
Traditional pieces such as Great Waves Washing the Sand (see above discussion of the musician Abing) became fixed in detailed notation and more identified with a composer or arranger; musical instruments were redesigned to play equal-tempered (Western) tuning, produce more volume and cover a wider range; contemporary performance contextsrecital, recording studios, broadcasts, and Western-style classes at schools and music conservatories; earlier practitioners of older traditional music were dismissed as crude and out of tune; new genres were created, e.g., the urban entertainment genre called Cantonese music.
For their part, the musicians concerned may see the adoption of technology like the electric guitar or staff notation as no more than an essential process of keeping up with the times. Thus, their music remains culturally authentic and relevant.
Answer to Question 2
This music is sometimes called national music (guoyue), a style like so many in the nonWestern twentieth-century world . . . that drew on aspects of Western means while attempting to preserve and develop national musical content as an alternative to Western music.
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