Answer to Question 1
The two broad classifications are 1) processor or organization-oriented standards, and 2) product-oriented standards. Process-oriented standards cover the following three broad areas: environmental management system, environmental performance evaluation, and environmental auditing. Product-oriented standards cover three different broad areas of concern as follows: life-cycle assessment, environmental labeling, environmental aspects to product standards.
Answer to Question 2
One of the key drivers behind the EMS movement is the concept of competitive advantage. Some forward-looking organizations have begun to view having an effective EMS as a competitive advantage. The advantage is the result of the following factors:
Minimization of funds siphoned off into nonproductive activities such as litigation and crisis management.
Ease of compliance with government regulations.
Better public image in communities where interest in environmental protection is high.
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