According to Levis (1989), seemingly nonchalant animals who continue to avoid the aversive stimulus are:
A) truly relaxed.
B) merely suppressing their fear.
C) still experiencing a residual amount of fear.
D) exhibiting an avoidance response that has now become a conditioned reflex.
Question 2
Arthur owns a restaurant in a neighborhood controlled by organized crime. Local merchants often pay protection money to gang members in order to avoid risking their businesses. When a gang representative comes to Arthur's restaurant at the beginning of every month, Arthur hands over an envelope full of cash and has a pleasant conversation with the gang member. By Arthur's actions, it would appear as if he has no fear and yet continues to pay money to the gang. What would Levis (1989 ) suggest about Arthur's apparent nonchalance?
A) If Arthur truly had no fear, he would not continue to pay money to the gang members.
B) Arthur is less fearful as a result of experience.
C) Arthur truly has no fear of the actions of the gang.
D) Both a and b are correct.
Metabolic rates of animals that differ in size.
Managing large bands of grazing animals requires detailed knowledge of local landscapes, especially
Tiger quoll sleeping at the window of the nocturnal animals exhibit at Sydney Wildlife World
Seismic Intensity Map, Loma Prieta 1989
Animals and Language (2 of 2)
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