Answer to Question 1
ANS: Erikson's oral-sensory stage of psychosocial development occurs during our first year of life, the time of our greatest helplessness. This is a period marked by the motherchild bond in which there can be excellent bonding and nurturance or lack of bonding and little affection between the child and the mother. This can create lifelong bonding issues and acceptance of self-worth issues.
If the mother responds appropriately to the baby's physical needs and provides ample affection, love, and security, then infants will develop a sense of trust, an attitude that will characterize the growing child's view of themselves and others. In this way, we learn to expect consistency, continuity, and sameness from other people and situations in our environment. On the other hand, if the mother is rejecting, inattentive, or inconsistent in her behavior, infants may develop an attitude of mistrust and will become suspicious, fearful, and anxious.
Although the pattern of trust or mistrust as a dimension of personality is set in infancy, the problem may reappear at a later developmental stage.
If this phase is not successfully negotiated and resolved, the phase will continue to have either a positive or negative effect on relationships in and outside of the family.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: F
FEEDBACK: More than 50 years after Erikson's research on play constructions, traditional gender stereotyping with regard to toys and play behaviors persists. Most children still prefer gender-based toys. Boys typically play with trucks, soldiers, and guns. Girls typically play with dolls, jewelry, and toy kitchen implements.
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