Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
Prosecutors can provide cooperative defense attorneys with information about the cases by letting them examine the police reports or revealing the names of witnesses, and so on. The court community can also apply sanctions to defense attorneys who violate the norms. Some sanctions work indirectly, by reducing a lawyer's income-generating ability. The clerk may refuse to provide beneficial case scheduling, or the judge may drag out a trial by continuously interrupting it for other business. Other sanctions are more direct. A judge can criticize a lawyer in front of his or her client or refuse to appoint certain attorneys to represent indigentsa significant source of income for some lawyers (Nardulli, 1978). A final category of sanctions involves the prosecutor's adopting a tougher stance during bargaining by not reducing charges or by recommending a prison sentence that is longer than normal. Sanctions against defense attorneys are seldom invoked, but when they are, they can have far-reaching effects. Every court community can point to an attorney who has suffered sanctions, with the result that the attorney either no longer practices criminal law in the area or has mended his or her ways. Because the defense attorney is the least powerful member of the courtroom work group, such sanctions force them into a reactive posture.