Which statement is not true regarding a juvenile's decision to waive his or her Miranda rights?
a. It does not require the presence of parents or lawyers.
b. It is a violation of the defendant's Fifth Amendment rights.
c. Its legality is determined by the totality of the circumstances.
d. Its constitutionality was established in People v. Lara.
Question 2
Jill is a senior in high school. All through her academic career she has made good grades and has never engaged in delinquent acts. Two months prior to graduation, Jill's mother was in an automobile accident; a man under the influence of alcohol ran a red light and crashed into Jill's mother's car, killing her on impact. Jill was close to her mother and her death strongly impacted Jill's behavior. She began staying out late, her grades started slipping, and she began drinking alcohol. What negative affective state, according to Agnew, is Jill experiencing?
a. Failure to achieve positively valued goals
b. Disjunction between expectations and achievement
c. Removal of positively valued stimuli
d. Presentation of negative stimuli