Answer to Question 1
Answer: Feelings of competence are very similar to Banduras concept of self-efficacy, or the belief that one can accomplish things and be effective in daily life. Bandura proposed that self-efficacy had two parts: outcome expectation and efficacy expectation. The former is a belief that behaving in a given way will produce a known outcome and the latter a belief that one is capable of acting in a certain way or an expectation that one will succeed at performing an action. Bandura also developed a theory of how self-efficacy was acquired, either through personal experience, in which success increases a sense of self-efficacy, or through vicarious experience, in which one watches someone else succeeding and builds an expectation of personal success through that vicarious experience. Two other ways that Bandura felt an individual could develop self-efficacy is through social persuasion, such as being encouraged by another, and through physical and emotional states.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Csikszentmihalyi feels that if an individual is engaged in a task that is optimally challenging, interesting, and exciting, they may enter an altered state that he terms flow. In this state one is completely absorbed in the task, finds meaningful enjoyment and blocks out all irrelevant stimuli. This state was described to Csikszentmihalyi by athletes and religious mystics, but, in theory, anyone fully engaged in any challenging task could enter the flow. He feels this experience is most likely in music, sports, games, and religious rituals. The opposite of flow in this model is apathy.
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