Answer to Question 1
Policy options typically feature multisystemic treatment efforts designed to provide at-risk kids with personal, social, educational, and family services. These programs target children in preschool through the early elementary grades in order to alter the direction of their life course. Many of the most successful programs focus on strengthening children's socialemotional competence and positive coping skills and suppressing the development of antisocial, aggressive behavior. Research evaluations indicate that the most promising multicomponent crime and substance-abuse prevention programs for youths, especially those at high risk, are aimed at improving their developmental skills. They may include a school component, an after-school component, and a parent-involvement component. All of these components have the common goal of increasing protective factors and decreasing risk factors in the areas of the family, the community, the school, and the individual. The Boys and Girls Clubs and School Collaborations' Substance Abuse Prevention Program includes a school component called SMART (Skills Mastery and Resistance Training) Teachers, an after-school component called SMART Kids, and a parent-involvement component called SMART Parents. Each component is designed to reduce specific risk factors in the children's school, family, community, and personal environments. Another successful program, Fast Track, is designed to prevent serious antisocial behavior and related adolescent problems in high-risk children entering first grade.
Answer to Question 2
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Developmental tasks for older adults
How lateral inhibition produces contrast enhancement. (Based on Ratliff, 1972.)
A Layer Based on Electrical Properties: The Ionosphere
A model of the 70S ribosome based upon early structural data
Scientific monitoring with environmental policy (SOER)
Water-based Diseases