Answer to Question 1
One of the major challenges affecting the ability of corrections to function as a system is overload. The past four decades can be defined as a period of mass incarceration.
There are currently 2.2 million people who are serving time in jail or prison. This is a fivefold increase since 1980.
Prison crowding leads to increased inmate defiance and makes prisons more dangerous places to work.
Another problem is the social costs that the policy of mass confinement has had on the American public.
Corrections confinement is a long, drawn-out process that affects people and the communities in which they reside.
There are financial and psychological losses when a child's parent goes to prison.
The financial cost of corrections is adding to the huge financial deficits of many jurisdictions, and as a result, prison budgets are being cut and institutions are being closed.
Answer to Question 2
Probation: court-ordered community supervision of convicted offenders by a probation agency.
Parole: community supervision after a period of incarceration.
Jail: a county correctional facility that holds persons awaiting trial or a sentence, serving a sentence of less than a year, or awaiting transfer to another facility.
Prison: a state or federal facility that houses convicted criminals sentenced to confinement of a year or more.
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