Answer to Question 1
Three factors are typically considered by the judge: (1) the accused's flight risk, (2) the level of dangerousness of the accused, and (3) the accused's financial status.
In Stack v. Boyle, the Supreme Court declared that the purpose of bail is to ensure the accused's appearance at trial. This does not mean that a judge can set an amount that is unrealistic, in light of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of excessive bail.
In Salerno, the Supreme Court dealt with a challenge to the provision in the Bail Reform Act of 1984 that dangerousness could be considered in a bail determination. The issue of dangerousness, as it pertains to the bail decision, also came up in the case of Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253 (1984). There, the Supreme Court upheld a statute that provided for detention of a juvenile who posed a serious risk of committing a crime while on release. The statute was criticized as essentially amounting to punishment without trial, but the Court decided that punishment only exists when the government's intent is to punish.
Bail can be denied simply because the accused is unable to pay it. In Schilb v. Kuebel, 404 U.S. 357 (1971), the Supreme Court took it upon itself to decide on the constitutionality of a state statute that provided that a criminal defendant who was not released on his or her own recognizance could (1) deposit 10 of the amount of set bail with the Court, 10 of which would be forfeited to the Court as bail bonds costs, or (2) pay the full amount of bail, all of which would be refunded if the accused showed up at court.
Answer to Question 2
In Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103 (1975), the Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment requires a probable cause hearing either before or promptly after arrest. The purpose of the probable cause hearing is to determine whether there is probable cause to keep a person detained. A probable cause hearing before an arrest usually results in an arrest warrant being issued.
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