Answer to Question 1
In Tennessee v. Garner the Court ruled that deadly force may be used when (1) it is necessary to prevent the suspect's escape and (2) the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect poses a serious threat of death or serious physical injury to other people or police officers. One would think that the Supreme Court would be unanimous in a decision such as this, but three justices dissented, noting that the statute struck down by the majority assist the police in apprehending suspected perpetrators of serious crimes and provide notice that a lawful police order to stop and submit to arrest may not be ignored with impunity
Answer to Question 2
First, it must be issued by a neutral and detached magistrate. Second, a showing of probable cause is required. Finally, it must conform to the Fourth Amendment's particularity requirement.
Hall-effect switches use metallic shutters to shunt magnetic lines of force away from a silicon ...
The Coriolis Force
Pressure gradient force
Gravitational Force Due to a Distribution of Mass Problem 1
Gravitational Force Due to a Distribution of Mass problem 2