Answer to Question 1
For consent to be valid, it must be voluntary. Consent cannot be the result of duress or coercion, express or implied. The person giving consent determines the limits of the consent search.
Answer to Question 2
These and other policeprobation partnerships are controversial from a Fourth Amendment standpoint in that they seem to have search-and-seizure implications. On one hand, these partnerships may be highly effective in reducing crime. On the other hand, critics of policeprobation partnerships claim that they are little more than a way to circumvent the Fourth Amendment's probable cause and warrant requirements. In other words, critics claim that police officers use probation officers as stalking horses to skirt the Fourth Amendment. The California Supreme Court's Bravo decision (discussed earlier), for example, permits warrantless, suspicionless searches of probationers, even by police officers.