Random variation in measurement is termed
A) reliability.
B) bias.
C) validity.
D) error of randomness.
E) error variance.
Question 2
Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning (as defined by Pavlov) and operant condition (as defined by Skinner)?
A) Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of existing responses to occur to new stimuli, but operant conditioning deals with shaping new behavior by using consequences.
B) Classical conditioning uses punishment to create desirable behavior, but operant conditioning uses only rewards.
C) Classical conditioning uses punishment to create desirable behavior, but operant conditioning uses punishment to stop undesirable behavior.
D) Classical conditioning works only on animals, but operant conditioning applies to all organisms.
E) Classical conditioning can happen without deliberate intention, but operant conditioning only occurs when the organism is making an effort to learn.
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An example of continuous variation: biology students organized according to height.