Answer to Question 1
The Coriolis effect causes moving objects on Earth to follow curved paths. The Coriolis effect is a result of Earth's rotation toward the east. More specifically, the difference in the speed of Earth's rotation at different latitudes causes the Coriolis effect. In reality, objects travel along straight-line paths, but Earth rotates underneath them, making the objects appear to curve. In the Northern Hemisphere, an object will follow a path to the right of its intended direction; in the Southern Hemisphere, an object will follow a path to the left of its intended direction. The directions right and left are the viewer's perspective looking in the direction in which the object is traveling. The Coriolis effect acts on all moving objects. However, it is much more pronounced on objects traveling long distances, especially north or south. This is why the Coriolis effect has a dramatic effect on atmospheric circulation and the movement of ocean currents.
Answer to Question 2
Upwelling is the upward movement of cold, deep, nutrient-rich water to the surface; downwelling is the downward movement of surface water to deeper parts of the ocean. Upwelling hoists chilled water to the surface. This cold water, rich in nutrients, creates high productivity (an abundance of microscopic algae), which establishes the base of the food web and, in turn, supports incredible numbers of larger marine life like fish and whales. Downwelling, on the other hand, is associated with much lower amounts of surface productivity but carries necessary dissolved oxygen to those organisms living on the deep-sea floor.
Circulation Assessment
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The Orographic Effect