Answer to Question 1
b
Answer to Question 2
U.S. campaigns against al-Qaeda have been successful in killing much of the leadership; however, this has had the unintended effect of decentralizing the groups and allowing them to operate free of bureaucracy, and in some cases free of any type of rigid operational codes
or accountability. This has allowed for militant groups to pop up in areas where conflict is rife, and is also responsible for the expansion of the lone wolf phenomenon. The centralized and powerful al-Qaeda organization of old is no longer a single entity, but has diffused throughout the Middle East and beyondmaintaining a presence in at least 16 different countries. The goal of the U.S. military offensive against al-Qaeda, it has had the unintended consequence of allowing the organization to reformulate and still flourish as a decentralized, heavily networked and transnational movement, freed from the bureaucracy of its earlier iterations and able to move about more covertly as a result. The brand of al-Qaeda is an enduring one. Al-Zawahiri also introduced a relatively new terrorist tactic, that of kidnapping and extortion, particularly
of Americans. Al-Zawahiri stated that this type of activity should be a primary focus of al-
Qaeda affiliates, as they may be useful tools in obtaining money to further the jihadi philosophy
and the release of jailed al-Qaeda members in the United States.
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