Answer to Question 1
The WTO is a full-fledged IGO with formal decision-making procedures. Mandated to
manage disputes arising from its trading partners, the WTO has been given authority to
enforce trading rules and to adjudicate trade disputes. Because Global South countries
often have difficulty borrowing money to finance projects aimed at promoting
economic growth, the bank offers them loans with lower interest rates and longer
repayment plans than they could typically obtain from commercial banks. Most
recently, the World Bank has set a goal to end extreme poverty throughout the world
by 2030 . The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a truly global IGO designed to
maintain currency exchange stability by promoting international monetary cooperation
and orderly exchange arrangements. Further, the IMF sometimes functions as a lender
of last resort for countries experiencing financial crises.
Answer to Question 2
There are two main types of international nonstate actors, intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). What
distinguishes the two is that intergovernmental organizations are international
organizations whose members are states, whereas nongovernmental organizations are
associations composed of private individuals. Both types experienced a sharp
increase in their numbers during the twentieth century:
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