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Drug-induced pharmacodynamic effects manifested in older adults include drug-induced renal toxicity, which can be a major factor when these adults are experiencing other kidney problems.
Blood is approximately twice as thick as water because of the cells and other components found in it.
When blood is exposed to air, it clots. Heparin allows the blood to come in direct contact with air without clotting.
Illicit drug use costs the United States approximately $181 billion every year.
It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.