Answer to Question 1
Acutely, the autonomic nervous system undergoes sympathetic activation. Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla supports the neural mechanisms. Heart rate and contractility are increased in trying to maintain cardiac output. Vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance, raising blood pressure and redirecting flow to vital internal organs. Simultaneously, venoconstriction occurs, increasing venous return and forcing extra blood from the venous to the arterial side of the circulation. The endocrine system releases ADH, angiotensin II, and aldosterone, which act together to raise blood volume by reducing fluid loss at the kidney.
Answer to Question 2
E